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H

Heating Demand

QH. What remains after usable heat gains (QS and QI) have been added to heat losses (QT and QV) in the energy balance of a building.


Heating Load

Heating load describes the required size of a heating system for providing comfortable indoor temperatures even on the coldest design day of the year. As this is sometimes confused with heating demand, one way of differentiating the two with an analogy might be thinking of the heating load as the power of a motor in horse power or kW, and heating demand as the energy you need to feed this motor for it to do what you want it to do, e.g. taking you from A to B. In PHPP the heating load is assessed for two weather variations: a cold, clear day and a moderate, overcast day. On a cold, clear winter day you can expect temperatures to be in the lowest range, as nothing (no cloud cover) stops the earth's surface from radiating back heat to the sky. On the plus side, solar radiation will be higher than on an overcast day. Whatever scenario turns out to result in the highest heating load will be applied for further considerations. For a Passive House, the heating load should not exceed 10W/m2 treated floor area. Example: with a treated floor area of 100 m2, the heating load should be no more than 1,000 W or 1 kW. How is the maximum heating load explained? By multiplying the specific fresh air requirement (30W/person) with the specific heat capacity of air at 20℃ and the difference of maximum supply air temperature (at about 52℃) and the minimum temperature at which air leaves the heat exchanger (16.5℃). The approximate result of this calculation is 350W/person.

\frac{30m^3}{h*person} * \frac{0.33Wh}{m^3*K} * (52-16.5)K \approx \frac{350W}{person}

Divided by the average space requirement per person (assumed  as 35m²) a maximum heating load of 10W/m² results:

\frac{350W}{person} * \frac{person}{35m^2} = \frac{10W}{m^2}


K

k-Value


L

Lambda value


Low-e glazing

Low-e stands for low emissivity. Microscopically thin, nearly invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers are coated to the outside of the interior pane (thus located in the interstitial cavity) of a multi-pane Insulating Glass Unit (IGU) to reduce the heat conductance by minimising radiative heat flow. A low-e coating is usually transparent to the solar spectrum (visible light and short-wave infra-red radiation) and reflective of long-wave infra-red radiation. In triple glazed IGUs there sometimes are two low-e layers.


P

Passive House

A very comfortable and healthy house that needs very little energy.

Quantitative performance benchmarks include:

  • heating energy demand below 15 kWh per year or
  • heating load below 10 W per square metre treated floor area
  • airtightness below 0.6 air changes per hour at 50 Pascal pressure differential
  • primary energy demand requirements depending on certification class

PHPP

PHPP is the Passive House Projecting Package, a spreadsheet based tool for planning and optimising highly energy efficient buildings. It can be obtained from the Passivhaus Institut in Germany and various national bodies.


Primary Energy

Primary energy is energy contained in raw fuels or other naturally occurring forms of energy before it undergoes transformation or is put to a use. It is a measure of the energy potential of a source, what could be used if conditions were ideal - which they are however not, for the largest part. Electricity derived from fossil fuels e.g. loses around 2/3 of its energy potential in the transformation process. In other words: it needs roughly 3 parts fossil fuel to generate one part of electric energy.
After transformation, energy is delivered to consumers as consumer or final energy, with additional losses due to transportation. Primary energy can be re-calculated from consumer or usable energy with the help of primary energy factors, if these are known. PHPP contains a list of primary energy factors for non-renewable energy services. The new certification categories are among other things concerned about renewable primary energy.


Psi-value

Coupled 2D thermal bridge coefficient, used to gauge the numeric impact of thermal bridges. Ψ, upper case psi (English: sigh), is the most commonly used symbol. The unit for psi is W/(m K). It applies to a length, i.e. the length of the thermal bridge. It denotes the thermal conductivity of an assembly of materials. The higher the value, the higher the additional heat loss through that joint.
When external dimensions are used to assess the heat loss through the thermal envelope, psi values can be negative (=calculatory heat gain), as with external dimensions convex corners are considered twice (or even thrice, if assessment is made in 3 dimensions). When internal dimensions are used for heat loss calculations (like it is done by default in NZ), every convex corner has to be analysed for thermal bridging effects. Using external dimensions overestimates heat loss, and thus compensates for some geometrical thermal bridge effects. Thus, when external dimensions are used, an assessment of thermal bridge effects at convex corners is usually not necessary.


R

R-value

Is the measure of thermal resistance, used in the building and construction industry. The higher the value, the better the insulation effectiveness of a material layer. The R-value is always the property of a material layer in m2 K/W, derived from dividing the material layers thickness (m) by the material's thermal conductivity. The R-value is therefore not intelligible without the material layer thickness.

Several indices indicate more detailed information about what sort of R-value is considered. RT for example indicates the total R-value of the sum of all material layers in a building element. If calculated in accordance with international standard ISO 6946, it also includes repeating thermal bridges.



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